[결론(concluding idea)]
:consequently, thus, therefore, as a result
- MI를 반복하는 경우: supporting idea 역할, 80%
- MI를 반복하지 않는 경우: Main idea 역할, 20%
ex) Surprisingly, they observed no significant effect on songbird nesting success. This may be due to several factors. Neither raccoons nor striped skunks consume ground squirrels, which are important predators of songbird nests. Thus, their removal may not have led to significant increases in populations of smaller predators.
[실험(study, research, work, experiment)]
- Main idea의 fact제시 ↔ General idea 의 assumption 제시
- 전개방법: 실험방법 >> 결과예상 >> 실제결과 (fact) >> 결과원인분석 (assumption)
※ 순서고정, 과정 생략 가능
ex) In 1995 and 1996, researchers trapped and removed certain waterfowl-nes predators, primarily raccoons and striped skunks, then observed subsequent survival rates for songbird nests. Surprisingly, they observed no significant effect on songbird nesting success. This may be due to several factors.
[수판단 (크기결정)]
- 기준 1: 구조 >> 보통 MI가 기준으로 제시되고 그 후에 SI에서 숫자로 제시된다. 그러므로 숫자가 의미하는 것은 앞의 MI에서 제시한 그대로의 개념이지 숫자로서의 의미는 없다.
ex) 최근 고물가 저임금 현상이 지속되고 있다. Tom의 한달 급여는 100만원 인 반면, 배추 한포기의 가격은 100원 이다.
>> 한달급여 100만원 =저임금, 배추한포기 100원 = 고물가
- 기준 2: ~이상 >> more than, over, at least로 표현되며 이는 단순히 many의 의미를 가짐.
ex) At least one study shows that Tom is smart.
>> at least = many, 많은 연구들이 탐이 스마트 하다고 보여준다.
- 기준 3: ~이내 >> less than, only, at most (best)로 표현되며 단순히 적음을 의미.
[반박구도 (대립구도)]
1) Assumption ↔ Fact
- Assumption signal: 주장하다 (argue), 생각하다 (believe), 예상하다 (expect), 이론 (theory), 조동사 (may, might)
- Fact signal: 실험 (research), 보여주다 (show), 관찰하다 (observe), 발견하다 (discover), 증거 (evidence)
2) Many (다수) ↔ Some (소수)
- Many signals: 복수명사 (일반화), 수동태의 by (주체) 생략
- Some signals: certain, particular, a few
3) Past (이전) ↔ Current (이후)
- 이전 signals: past, traditional, previous, 과거시제(-ed), 과거완료(had p.p)
- 이후 signals: new, recent, present, modern, current, 현재시제, 현재완료시제(have p.p)
2. GRAMMAR + INFERENCE
[TO 부정사]
1) 명사적 용법
: 명사의 위치 (주어, 목적어, 보어) 에 위치하여 명사의 역할을 함. ~ 하는것 으로 해석
2) 형용사적 용법
: 명사 수식, 보어자리에 위치하여 형용사 역할을 함. ~ 할 으로 해석.
※ be verb + to infinitive
(1) 예정: ~할 예정이다, what are we to do next?
(2) 명령: ~해야만 한다, you are to do your work hard.
(3) 의도, 소망: If you are to be a good man, you should do more better things
(4) 운명: ~ 할 운명이었다, he was never to see his country again.
(5) 가능: ~ 할수 있다, No stars are to be seen in the sky.
3) 부사적 용법
: 위치에 크게 영향 받지 않으며 형용사, 동사, 전체 문장 수식.
[가정법(the subjunctive mood)]
| If | + S + V + O, S + V + O | ① → 조건제시→ 흑백논리 ② → 부연설명 |
| Unless | ||
| Were | ||
| Had | ||
| Should |
조건제시일지 부연설명일지의 판단기준은 main idea를 보고 한다.
ex) If I had much time, Tom could help the poor
>> 시간이 있었더라면 가난한 사람들을 도왔을것이라고 했기 때문에, 반대로 시간이 없다면 가난한 사람들을 돕지 않는다는 말이 성립된다.
3. VOCABULARY + INFERENCE
1) Alternatively : 정반대로
ex)
Most predators of waterfowl nests prey opportunistically on songbird nests, and removing these predators could directly increase songbird nesting success. Alternatively, removing waterfowl-nest predators could affect songbird nesting success through subsequent increases in small-mammal populations.
2) In fact : 사실상
- 역할: 단순 부연 (내용반복)
- 동의어: in reality, actually
ex)
Many people have thought that Tom is smart. But, however, a recent investigation found that they misunderstood Tom. In fact, he is so naive. (naive stands for just "not smart")
3) After all: 부연하자면, 왜냐하면
ex)
The responder should accept any offer, no matter how small: after all, even on dollar is better than nothing.
4) Surprisingly (=unexpectedly): 예상 ↔ 사실 이라는것을 보여주는 signal
ex)
Removing waterfowl-nes predators could affect songbird nesting success through subsequent increases in small-mammal populations. Surprisingly, they observed no significant effect on songbird nesting success.
ex) If I had much time, Tom could help the poor
>> 시간이 있었더라면 가난한 사람들을 도왔을것이라고 했기 때문에, 반대로 시간이 없다면 가난한 사람들을 돕지 않는다는 말이 성립된다.
3. VOCABULARY + INFERENCE
1) Alternatively : 정반대로
ex)
Most predators of waterfowl nests prey opportunistically on songbird nests, and removing these predators could directly increase songbird nesting success. Alternatively, removing waterfowl-nest predators could affect songbird nesting success through subsequent increases in small-mammal populations.
2) In fact : 사실상
- 역할: 단순 부연 (내용반복)
- 동의어: in reality, actually
ex)
Many people have thought that Tom is smart. But, however, a recent investigation found that they misunderstood Tom. In fact, he is so naive. (naive stands for just "not smart")
3) After all: 부연하자면, 왜냐하면
ex)
The responder should accept any offer, no matter how small: after all, even on dollar is better than nothing.
4) Surprisingly (=unexpectedly): 예상 ↔ 사실 이라는것을 보여주는 signal
ex)
Removing waterfowl-nes predators could affect songbird nesting success through subsequent increases in small-mammal populations. Surprisingly, they observed no significant effect on songbird nesting success.
