[Sentence Correction] Shift

Shift는 불필요한 변화이다. 가끔 문장 사이에서 shift는 혼동을 불러 일으킨다. 보통, 수동태(능동태), 시제, 법(가정법, 직설법 등), 구조 등의 shift가 나타난다.

1. 태

문장 중간에 갑작스런 voice의 변화로 혼동 야기

Darrel anticipated a happy day, but a catastrophe was not expected at all.
>> Darrel anticipated a happy day, but he didn't expect a catastrophe at all.

After they had scrubbed the walls clean, the house was was painted by the Johnson's.
>> After they had scrubbed the walls clean, the Johnson's painted the house.

2. 시제

문장 중간에 갑작스런 시제의 변화로 혼동 야기. 급작스런 충격을 완충시킬 수 있는 추가적 정보(주로 시간의 부사구, ex. in 1971) 없이 두 시제 이상을 건너 뛸 수 없다.

In the novel The Awakening, Edna finds true love, but she still committed suicide.
>>In the novel The Awakening, Edna finds true love, but she still commits suicide.


※ 막간 시제 설명

- 현재: 불변의 진실, 자연과학, 습관 등 변하지 않는 사실

- 과거: 역사 등 과거 어느 한시점에 일어난 일

- 미래: 앞으로 해야 할 일, 일어날 일 등

- 완료: 시간과의 연결고리가 있는 사건

※ 시제 vs 시상

1) 미래 (미래완료)의 시간, 조건부사절 >> 현재 (현재완료)로 표현

When he comes, I will tell him everything. >> When 절의 시제 : 현재, 시상 : 미래

Once this case has been sloved, he will have a regular prison bath. >> Once 절의 시제: 현재완료, 시상: 미래완료

2) 주절 내 종속절 시제

Your eyes are saying that you love me. >> Your eyes were saying that you loved me.

I hope you will soon get well >> I hoped you would soon get well.

She says that she has refused his proposal. >> She said that she had refused his proposal.

I think that he was an electrician. >> I thought that he had been an electrician.

[예외]

진리: Columbus proved that the earth was is round.

습관: He said that he went goes to school at eight.
역사: We learned that the French Revolution had happened happened in 1789.

[시간관련된 부사절/구]

- since + 과거시점 명사 또는 과거절
: I have worked for the company since 2004.

- for + 숫자명사 : how long 관련
: I have worked for the company for two years.

- during + 기간명사 : 주로 when 관련
: During her presidency of the Woman's State Temperance Society (1852-1853), Elizabeth Cady Stanton scandalized many of her most ardent supporters by suggesting that drunkenness be made sufficient cause for divorce.

- over (기간의 전체) = during
: Nobody works over the festival.

- while (during 과 같은 의미)
: My phone rang during the meeting. / My phone rang while I was having lunch

- from ~ to : 사건의 시작과 끝이 확실할때
: The cricket season lasts from April to September.

- during = over

: A considerable amount of rain has fallen during the past two years.
: This has become noticeably worse over the past two months.

- for : how long something lasts or continues
: The five nations agreed not to build any new battleships for a ten-year period.

3. 법 (Mood)

직설법 (indicative): facts, opinions, and questions
명령법 (imperative): orders, commands or advice
가정법 (subjunctive): special circumstances to express wishes or conditions contrary to fact.

If you were to pick pocket the boss, you will get your hand cut off.
>> If you were to pick pocket the boss, you would get your hand cut off.

※ whether >> if 대용 불가

1) to 부정사 바로 앞

I don't know whether if to accept or refuse.

2) 전치사에 계속

Our success depends on whether if he joins us.

3) 명사와 동격

The question whether if she should be invited is for you to decide.

4) or not으로 바로 이어질때

I don't care whether if or not your car breaks down.

5) 주어절로 쓰이는 경우 : if는 타동사의 목적절 유도

- I asked him if (or whether) he could swim.
- I wonder if (whether) he will come home by noon.
- Whether If your father is rich or not is not important.

※ Diction

- I don't know if I will go to the dance. >> I don't know whether I will go to dance.

4. 구조 (Structure)

보통 병렬구조에서 일어나기 쉬운 오류

I have always liked swimming, fishing, and to lie in the sun
>> I have always liked swimming, fishing, and lying in the sun.
>> I have always liked to swim, to fish, and to lie in the sun.

특히 3번째 문장의 경우 , , , and 구문에서는 첫 번째 to do 이외에는 to를 생략해도 무방하다. 쓰려면 다 쓰거나 아니면 첫번째 동사에만 쓴다.